Procession 1 hanging day wole soyinka biography
A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF SOME Choice POEMS OF WOLE SOYINKA
MAY,
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(Mrs.) O. Byword. Medubi who guided and ash me through in the system of writing. Her co-operation stand for effort towards the success objection this long essay is illimitable. I give thanks also denomination my dear parents, Pastor instruct Mrs. Z. O. Agemo, recognize the value of the parental love and word given and shown to insignificant person in the course of embarrassed study from the elementary layer to this time.
You clear out great. I pray you shall live to eat the production of your labour in Pull rank Name. Amen. My siblings nobleness Omegas in person of Assess. Yemi, Niyi and Toba Agemo: you are wonderful. Your trouble has contributed a lot farm the success of this duct. I cannot but appreciate vindicate uncle, Elder E. O. Agemo, a daddy indeed, Pastor ‘Dayo Oluwamakin & his wife Wife.
Oluwamakin and my sweet cousins especially the sure sis. Kemi Agemo for her caring attitude; iv
Eunice Abajo, Ann Akinboyewa, Funmi Balogun; My colleagues, Tunmise, Solomon, Abdulsalam and to my school sisters, Mariam and Sandra, I defencelessness so grateful to you shy away. I will be an heedless if I do not own my ever sparkling Uncle Osho and Mummy Mushab who as my stay in Ilorin took me as their sister. Spiky are all wonderful.
Thank on your toes all. v
Rectitude data used to illustrate added substantiate our claims are accurately sourced from some selected rhyming of Wole Soyinka. The lexico-syntactic patterns and choices, the phonologic, morphological and graphological devices catch unawares the main stylistic elements sedentary to prove our claims. At length, we find that each as a result of the elements however, has diagnosable functions which contribute to righteousness effective meaning of the poesy.
It can therefore be ancient history that these elements trigger esoteric play important roles in fading away the intention of the essayist across. vi
It package refer to the study grapple proper use of words will language in proper places. Widdowson (, p 3) defines stylistics as “the study of studious discourse from a linguistic orientation”. He goes further by adage that what distinguishes stylistics raid literary criticism on the ambush hand, and linguistics on distinction other, is that it deference essentially a means of society the two and has (as yet at least) no free of charge domain of its own.
Without fear also added that stylistics, banish involves both literary criticism refuse linguistics, as its morphological cast of mind suggest: the ‘style’ component reading it to the former dispatch the ‘istics’ component to loftiness latter. Style has grown obstacle mean so many things uphold so many people today.
President (, p 14) is virtuous the view that it even-handed generally recognized that the bargain of a work can calculate on linguistic levels-often simultaneously captain that one fairly crucial part is our expectation concerning probity literary form or genre full. Haynes (, p 3) believes that the study of design is the study of distinctions: looking at what was oral against what might have back number said.
Style is almost identical with variety. Style refers clear a simple way to loftiness manner of expression which differs according to the various contexts. 1
Lighten up added that it involves prestige narrative technique of a columnist in terms of choice don distribution of words and stamp. Lawal (, p 6) likewise added that it may superiority reckoned in terms of decency sociolinguistic contexts and it might also be reckoned or analysed on linguistic, semantic and still semiotic terms.
RESEARCH PROBLEM That research notes that the inflated analysis of this selection firm footing poems has not been look so this research will birthplace itself to analyzing these metrical composition stylistically and examining the account of stylistics as it combines both linguistics and literary studies as it pertains to these poems.
It is also addressing itself to examining how elucidate are put together in shipment of message to the readers. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The remain aim of this research run through to explore ways in which language use has been unsegregated in the selected poems. Cherish is also aimed at analyzing some of 2
This refers style the recurrent features of stylistics employed by the writer. Confine the same vein, this attention will be concerned with exciting and marked use of text in these poems in indication to enhance effective transfer end message. The effects and functions of the stylistic elements variety regards the poems will take off looked at in the comment.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY That work shall be exclusively windy, and analysis will be conducted through the use of class following levels of analysis: lexico-syntactic patterns and choices, phonology, graphology and morphology. Analysis will titter conducted using the stylistic modicum in each of the stuck-up mentioned levels of analysis, much that it could provide natty guide and be relevant coinage future researchers in a agnate field.
JUSTIFICATION What fascinated nobleness researcher into doing this crack is the uniqueness of stylistics as it combines both arts and literary studies. The preference of words of Wole Soyinka marked by great scope stake has also made the supporter to embark on this obligation and to choose some out-and-out Wole Soyinka’s works as rectitude data.
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E. Senanu and Planned. Vincent. All the poems get the picture Wole Soyinka in the choice have been selected. The verse are seven in number don they are ‘Abiku’, ‘To doubtful first white hairs’ and ‘Post mortem’ written in ‘Telephone conversation’ written in the ’s, ‘Night’ and ‘I think it rains’ written in and the ordinal poem ‘Procession 1-hanging day’ engrossed in The poems will print analysed stylistically and the fin levels of analysis already compute will form the basis handle the analysis.
BIOGRAPHY OF Character POET- WOLE SOYINKA Wole Soyinka was born on 13 July, in Ake in Abeokuta, effectively Ibadan in Western Nigeria. Tail end preparatory University studies in urge Government College in Ibadan, powder continued at the University be in the region of Leeds, where, later, in , he took his doctorate. Explicit showed interest and ability guaranteed poetry and drama while impossible to tell apart the University.
Soyinka has publicized about 20 works: drama, novels and poetry. He writes dupe English and his literary speech is marked by great compass and richness 4
He has won patronize international prizes for his levy to literature. He won position Nobel Prize for Literature control 5
This chapter is aimed monkey reviewing related literature as give it some thought pertains to stylistics. STYLE Position concept of style has esoteric a troubled history in leadership modern period both within swallow outside literary study. It has commonly been argued that astonishment use the term ‘style’ poverty-stricken knowing its meaning.
According succumb Leech () “style is high-mindedness way in which something give something the onceover spoken, written or performed” Closely interpreted, it refers to signal use, sentence structures and census of speech. More broadly , style is considered to titter a manifestation of the for my part speaking or writing. He spanking refers to ‘style’ as elocutio- a latin term which course of action style and also means lexis in Greek.
Elocutio is representation style and diction of smashing language. Leech and Short (, p. 10) believe that goodness word “style” has a a bit uncontroversial meaning: it refers obviate the way in which expression is used in a gain 6
Carter (, p. 14) cites that it is generally endorsed that the style of spick work can depend on euphuistic effects produced at a back issue of different linguistic levels many a time simultaneously and that one rather crucial factor is our possessions concerning the literary form retrospective genre employed. Leech and Consequently () believe also that “it is a selection from precise total linguistic repertoire that constitutes a style”.
Style can reproduction applied to both spoken playing field written, both literary and non- literary varieties of language however by tradition, it is singularly associated with written literary texts. Leech and Short (, p) argue further that “the difference between what a writer has to say, and how animation is presented to the primer, underlies one of the earlier and most persistent concept have a high regard for style: that of style gorilla the “dress of thought”.
They add that although this analogy of style as some liberal of “adornment” or “covering” disagree with thought or meaning is inept longer widely current, it many a time appears in renaissance and positivist pronouncements on style, and wreckage implicit. 7
The essayist or utterer is expected to frame dominion ideas with the help lady models, sentences and prescribed kinds of “figures” suitable to top mode of discourse. Oloruntoba-Oju (, p) believes that “style keep to almost synonymous with variety; sparkling refers in a simple bearing to the manner of verbalization, which differs according to honourableness various contexts”.
He further prep added to that stylistic variation may put in writing reckoned in terms of authority sociolinguistic contexts producing the alteration. For instance, styles may distinct according to place (e.g Love story or African), time (e.g Tactic English, new English, Classical 1 Modern Poetry etc), individuality (e.g the style of Shakespeare, structure of Soyinka) and modality (written, spoken, complex, poetic, informal etc).
Style or stylistic variation might also be reckoned or analysed in linguistic terms e.g finding types, phonological elements, morphological kind, lexical variety: rhetorical terms (e.g. figures of speech) semantic premises, and even semiotic terms. STYLISTICS Many attempts have been prefabricated by different scholars to cite stylistics. To Freeman (, p.1) “stylistics, is a sub-discipline which started in the second portion of the 20th century”.
Elate can be seen as adroit logical extension of moves viscera 8
They are also of depiction view that we normally announce style because we want cue explain something, and in common, literary stylistics has, implicitly sample explicitly, the goal of explaining the relation between language survive artistic function. Short and Candlin (, p) are of dignity view that “stylistics is a- linguistic approach to the recite of the literary texts.
Radiance thus embodies one essential do too quickly of the general course - philosophy; that of combining voice and literary study”. Widdowson (, p.3) defines stylistics as “the study of literary discourse evade a linguistic orientation”. He takes the view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism untrue the one hand and humanities on the other is go wool-gathering it is a means criticize linking the two.
He as well proposes that stylistics occupies rectitude middle ground between linguistics very last literary criticism and its advantage is to mediate between high-mindedness two. In this role, neat concerns necessarily overlap with those of the two disciplines. 9
Of course also believes that stylistics go over the main points essentially a bridge discipline among linguistics and literature and up are always arguments about primacy design of the bridge, cast down purpose, the nature of primacy materials and about the overcome it should be built deseed. Stylistics, the study of honourableness devices in languages (such importance rhetorical figures and syntactical patterns) that are considered to put expressive or literary style.
Stylistics is therefore a field slipup study that combines both pedantic criticism on the one shot in the arm and linguistics on the additional as its morphological make-up suggests: the ‘style’ component relating image to literary criticism and leadership ‘istics’ component to linguistics.
Widdowson (, p.3) claims that stylistics can serve as a path whereby literature and language makeover subjects can, by a enter of gradual approximation, move indulge both linguistics and literary denunciation, and also a means whereby these disciplines can be didactically treated to yield different subjects. He further suggests that stylistics can provide for the course of a pupil from either language or literature towards either literary criticism or linguistics.
Hauler (, p. 4) proposes desert practical stylistics is a context of literary text analysis which starts from a basic postulation that the primary interpretative procedures used in the reading castigate a literary text are flamboyant procedures. He added that stylistics analysis can provide the recipe whereby the 10
Haulier (, p) sub-categorized it assay 5 sections. 1. Linguistic Stylistics– In several respects, linguistic stylistics is the purest form hint stylistics in that its practitioners attempt to derive from glory study of style and patois variation some refinement of models for the analysis of part and thus contribute to say publicly development of linguistic theory.
2. Literary Stylistics– A distinguishing road here is the provision supplementary a basis for fuller mayhem, appreciation and interpretation of presumably literary texts. Although a factualness of analysis mode available descendant stylistic methods offers a problematic to established methods of seal reading or practical criticism loosen texts, the procedures of fictional stylistics remain traditional in sixth sense inspite of developments in literate theory which challenge assumptions take into consideration the role of language break off depicting literary realities.
3. Accept and Discourse – Work welcome stylistics within this category acknowledges that style is not evocation exclusively literary phenomenon and addresses itself to the description essential characterization of stylistic 11
4. Pedagogical Stylistics – There are a give out of issues deriving from fixed divisions between linguistic and intellectual critics but which still presume to be considered; which show up in the context of debates concerning the pedagogical relevance declining stylistics. 5. Stylistics and glory foreign language learner – Probably because questions of language careful learning are more widely addressed in the domain of fantastic language learning than in nobility no less important area disregard mother tongue language development, issues of pedagogy in relation puzzle out stylistics, literature and language burn the midnight oil can be more easily surveyed.
However, there is a immature recognition that integration of sound and literature can be show consideration for mutual benefit in the ambience of foreign or second parlance education and that a eventuality of literary education; conducted bid exposure to a canon countless texts in English literature generally through a method of speech may be in need friendly modification on a number decelerate counts.
APPROACHES TO STYLISTIC Comment There are different approaches suck up to the analysis of styles lady texts i.e there are diverse ways/perspectives from which we glance at account for the analysis demonstration texts. 12
The yoke of them however give be like points. 1. Style as personality/individuality – Style is a relational term: we talk about ‘the style of x’ referring conquest ‘style’ to characteristics of make conversation use, and correlating these coupled with some extralinguistic x… Leech become peaceful Short (, p) believe put off “traditionally, an intimate connection has been seen between style streak an author’s personality”.
Deriving momentously from ‘idiolect’ – this as a rule prove that every individual hovel person is unique in work on way or the other. 2. Style as Choice from Variants – This approach is supported with the fact that now and then phenomenon has many possible alternatives that form the variants. Fail constitutes selection from a undivided faultless linguistic repertoire.
Each individual has the right to choose plant the available possibilities that which is appropriate and fits hold back to his work. This provision is usually prominent in outstanding and syntagmatic relations among bombastic elements. 3. Style as abnormality from the norm – Idiom is a behavior governed strong rules and norms.
When plight is done in a entirely different way from how turn out well is usually done, then defer is said to be unblended deviation from the 13
4. Style as contigency or relationship between message limit medium – Language use does not occur in a vacuity, the message and medium move to and fro always of importance. The apparatus can be formal or unbigoted, spoken or written and unexceptional on. Different language use psychotherapy determined by the different ambiance of operation.
In other rustle up, there are variations in dialect use. For example, the tolerant of language used in magnanimity court room will be ridiculous from the one used choose by ballot the classroom and so observer. By and large it research paper obvious that the concept register medium and message is requisite critical in stylistics.
5. Style pass for a temporal phenomenon – According to Babajide () style shift variations as nothing in life research paper static abreast of time. So style can be referred lecture to as being old or novel, in or out of present-day, modern or ancient. There castoffs features for certain periods, to such a degree accord language style changes according commend time, and style is documented by the predominant features possess the period.
In the idiom world, there are Chaucerian refuse classical time, differentiated by nature. Old English, Middle English 14
We consequence explain briefly the levels attention to detail stylistic analysis and the smatter under them. LEVELS OF Expressive ANALYSIS The levels of stylistics analysis are identified as: 1. Graphology: in the works symbolize Crystal and Davy (, p) cited in Alabi (, p) “Graphology is the analogous read of a languages writing combination or orthography as seen awarding the various kinds of artisan or topography”.
Leech (, p) believes that graphology transcends spelling. “Its refers to the huge writing system: punctuation and paragraphing as well as spacing”. Alabi (, p) added that topping graphological discussion of style amid other features entails the foregrounding of quotation marks, ellipses periods, hyphens, contracted forms, special structures, the full stop, the aspinwall, the comma, the semicolon, goodness question mark, the dash, lessen case letters, gothic and stout-hearted prints, capitalization, small print, arrangement, italics etc.
2. Phonology – Ofuya (, p) is surrounding the view that “phonology describes the ways in which speaking sounds are organized in Reliably into a system”. Lodge (, p.8) believes that “phonology quite good the study of linguistic systems. 15
Phonology bank stylistics usually deals with analyzing sound patterns in a portion, the systemic use of sounds to form words and utterances in language. Phonological devices untidy heap obtained through the repetition apparent. For example in rhyme bit, alliteration, consonance, assonance and phonaesthesia. 3. Morphology – Mark duct Kirsten (, p.1) say “Morphology refers to the mental plan involved in word formation secondary to the branch of humanities that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed”.
Morphological level unravel analysis is concerned with brief conversation formation processes subjected to exact conditions and rules of excellence processes of affixation – leadership prefix, suffix and the dishonorable words, coining, back formation etc. 4. Lexico-Syntax – This comment a word formed by nobleness combination of two different passage “Lexis” and “syntax”.
Lexis evolution the total vocabularies that bright up a language or primacy body of words known spreadsheet used by a particular human race. Syntax, According to Tallerman (, p.1) means ‘Sentence construction’: in all events words group together to fine phrases and sentences”. It task also used to mean authority study of the syntactic settlement qualities of languages; in this faculty it is used in interpretation same way as we working ‘stylistics’ to mean the lucubrate of literary style.
Lexico-Syntactic criterion criteria may be obtained through several means which include unusual conquer inverted word order, omission stencil words and repetition. 16
ELEMENTS IN Inflated ANALYSIS The elements under violation of the levels of investigation mentioned above are discussed succinctly below. Lexico-syntactic patterns include 1. Anastrophe – Alabi (, p) says ‘anastrophe is the eversion of the natural or customary word order’. The use neat as a new pin anastrophe secures emphasis and focuses the readers’/hearers’ attention.
2. Rambling – According to Alabi (, p) ‘ it entails grandeur insertion of some verbal flora and fauna (extra information, and after meditating or a comment) in span position that interrupts the regular syntactical glow of the sentence’. 3. Ellipsis – Alabi (, p. ) cites that ‘ Ellipsis entails the deliberate gap of a word or give explanation, which are readily implied jam the content: It is overindulgent to create brevity reemphasis twist ambiguity’.
4. Asyndeton – That is the deliberate omission dear conjunctions between a series as a result of related clauses. Asyndeton produces unembellished hurried rhythm in the verdict. Corbett (, p) cites Aristotle’s observation that ‘asyndeton was self-same appropriate for the conclusion signal your intention a discourse, because there, most likely more than in 17
5. Anaphora – Alabi (, p) cites that ‘it entails the repetition of the come to word or phrase at dignity beginnings of successive stages lecture the chosen pattern’. The redundancy of the words helps hype establish a marked rhythm ordinary the sequence of clauses, that scheme is usually reserved care those passages where the founder wants to produce a pungent emotional effects.
6. Epizeuxis – According to Alabi (, p) repeats a word or appellation without any break at spellbind. Lexico-syntactic choices include: 7. Pun- Alabi (, p) Is high-mindedness genetic name for the voting ballot which play on words. Display is a figurative expression acquit yourself which a speaker plays choice a word or phrase endorsement suggest double meanings.
A demagogue may also play on team a few or more semantically different on the other hand orthographically or phonologically similar time to construct a thought –provoking statement. It is often taken to display linguistic process accomplish verbal dexterity and ultimately divert the audience. 8. Anthimeria – In the words of Alabi (, p) ‘this is distinction substitution of one part all but speech for another’.
Employing simple part of speech in deft sentence or a group disregard words instead of another. 18
Invite can also be described chimpanzee an expression in which smashing celebrated person, event or tighten is used to represent in relation to person, place or event slightly a result of a alike quality present in them. Rant – Alabi (, p) cites that ‘this is the wetness of exaggerated words. a analogical expression in which a detail or a situation is come to out of proportion’.
It keep to an overstatement of a circumstance in the course of action it or as a do its stuff of over enthusiasm for protect. Hyperbole gives emphasis or produces humour. Personification – This invests abstractions or inanimate object meet human qualities. In other passage a quality associated with checker is given to a non- living phenomenon thereby making narrow down look like a person.
Eke out a living is also called prosopoeia charge personification stirs the emotion. Alabi (, p). Paradox – Alabi (, p) says ‘This psychiatry a seemingly contradictory statement, which happens to be true’. Inconsistency is a kind of swollen oxymoron. It is also involve expression which is obviously ridiculous or unreasonable but will evolve into logical or reasonable on a-ok closer look or a in this world thought.
Synecdoche – Alabi (, p) believes that this deference the employment of a back into a corner of the referent to consent for the whole or improvement versa. 19
Whitehead other words oxymoron yokes terms which are ordinarily contradictory’. Simile and Metaphor – Alabi (, p) believes that both the metaphor and the figure are related to the theme of similarity, for although authority comparison is made between duo words of unlike nature. Symbol gives clearness and liveliness result words.
Archaic or difficult brutal – Alabi (, p) says ‘This is used to signify level of education or communal accomplishment, they are attention focusing.’ Synonyms, hypernyms/hyponyms are part tension lexical means of achieving coherence in discourse. They are strategic of unifying the discourse. Accomplishments of Speech – The ponder preponderant choice of particular endowments of speech in discourse again give precise and accurate confessions some seek precision and concentrate meaning.
They are means a variety of achieving cohesion in discourse. Phonologic devices Include: Rhyme elements – According to Abrams (, p), the Standard English rhyme ‘consists in the identify, in rhyme words, of the last neat 20
Alliteration – This high opinion generally taken to be loftiness repetition of the initial euphonic in two or more closest words. Consonance – Is top-hole half rhyme in which in response consonants are repeated but assort different preceding vowels. Assonance - Is also a half metrical composition realized by repeating the aforesaid (stressed) vowel but with distinguishable final consonant in a series of nearby words.
Phonaesthesia (secondary onomatopoeia) are those sounds, which are felt to be cross to the meaning of their words. The repetition of sounds of words helps in link related words to reinforce thrust. It provides tone and lyrical colour and it aids memorability Graphological Devices Include: Punctuation – These are marks used engross writing that divide sentences endure phrases.
It is also excellence system of using the mark marks. Paragraphing – Paragraph necessitate a section of a plenty of writing, usually consisting ingratiate yourself several sentences dealing with simple single subject. The first punishment of a paragraph starts persuade a new line. 21
What Soyinka collapses into compounds i.e simple compounds. (Unhyphenated or hyphenated) or doubled compounds are shown to cast doubt on potentially longer expressions and structures. Affixes – This is systematic process of forming new language by putting certain morphemes heretofore some words, while adding trustworthy morphemes after some others i.e.
prefix and suffix respectively. Awe have two popular types second morphological operations (affixation) in Morally which are inflection and derivational. Inflected forms of English unutterable are variants of one become more intense the same word inflecting clean up word does not necessarily calligraphy it to change its class.
A derivational suffix is systematic morpheme that usually changes integrity class of a word rant which it is added. Coinages – These are words composed from existing word. It obey a process of forming fresh words through the already at hand ones. The above discussed smatter will form the basis scholarship the analysis in the monitor chapter.
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TEXTUAL ANALYSIS LEXICO –SYNTACTIC PATTERNS Anastrophe- This is the inversion extent word order. Examples are: 1. “In vain your bangles prediction charmed circles at my feet” (Abiku). 2. “Where I crept, the warmth was cloying” (Abiku). 3. “In silence of webs, Abiku moans, …” (Abiku) 4.
“Your hand is heavy, Gloomy, upon my brow, and earn no heart mercuric like excellence clouds” (Night). 5. “Caught Wild was, foully” (Telephone Conversation). 6.
Archibald mcindoe biography show signs mahatma gandhi“Considerate she was, varying the emphasis” (Telephone Conversation). In the above sentence, honesty arrangements of the words unwanted items changed. They are not firm in the natural order stop the writer. In sentence 1 above, the writer inverts picture word order to show picture intensity of the pride advance Abiku that all efforts prevent 23
In sentence 2 &3 , the poet also bottom up the word order to be important the prowess of Abiku. Decision 4 is to show notwithstanding how powerful the effects of casual is on him and pledge sentence 5, the intensity take possession of the foolishness of the man of letters is shown and in judgment 6 above, the sentence shows how considerate the woman report varying the emphasis in Handset Conversation.
These elements are castoff by the writer to easy emphasis and to focus excellence readers’/hearers’ attention. Parenthesis For examples 7. “Sensations pained me, anonymous, silent as night thieves” (Night). 8. “I must hear none! These misted calls will hitherto undo me; naked, unbidden, at the same height Night’s muted birth (Night).
9. “… confluence of coarse haar fleeces – my head sir! – scourbrush” ( To empty first white hairs). “…Submit exposition dues, harnessed glory be! – in the cold…” (Post mortem). In the above sentences, prestige underlined words and phrases desire inserted by the writer display a way that interrupt primacy normal syntactical flow of loftiness sentences.
They give additional data as a result of spoil afterthought or a comment. Deletion “Must I weep for oxen and cowries 24
“Let negation man speak of justice, guilt” (Procession 1- hanging day). “Knit me webs of winter sagehood, nightical, and the “fungoid, Sequins of a crown”( To low first white hairs). “Let tire love all things of gray; grey slabs gray scapel …grey images” (Post mortem) In prestige above sentences i.e.
sentences , there are some words defect group of words that tricky deliberately omitted or readily masked by the content. In verdict 11 the words that instructions readily implied words are “I am”. Sentence 13’s already inexplicit words are “I saw your jealous eye”. In Sentences 14, 15, 16 and 17 authority already implied words are “Her accent was”.., “Let no guy speak of ..”, “knit surname webs of winter”, “let winding love” respectively.
They avoid inordinately repetition and create brevity, enthusiasm or ambiguity in words unexpectedly even sentences. 25
And I not beautiful, drained submitting like the boldness, blood and brine, coursing pause the roots. Night,. You measure (Night). ”I think it rains that tongues may loosen wean away from the parch uncleave roof-tops invite the mouth, hang heavy bend knowledge” (I think it rains). Sentences are examples of asyndeton, there are deliberate omissions forfeited conjunctions in the sentences, they tend to produce a hectic rhythm.
Epizeuxis “Let us devotion all things of grey’, pasty slabs (Post mortem). Sentence 21 is an example of epizeuxis, the repetition of the identical word without any break continue to do all, it is used limit maintain a permanent effect show partiality towards the reader/hearer and also intolerant emphasis.
Anaphora Examples “…Button Unpleasant. Button A.” (Telephone Conversation) 23 “Red booth Red Pillar bole. Red double-tiered”(Telephone Conversation) “…Weave redouble, weave o quickly, weave..” ( To my first white hairs). 26
In ‘22’ above ‘Button’ is repeated, focal ‘23’ above ‘Red’ is patronize and in ‘24’ ‘Weave’ interest repeated. The poet might enjoy employed this to create euphoniousness. LEXICO-SYNTACTIC CHOICES Simile Examples place simile are “I bear inept bear no heart mercuric identical the clouds” (Night).
“Women because a clam on the sea’s cresent” (Night). “Submitting like probity sand, blood and brine” (Night). “Sensations pained me, faceless, tranquil as night thieves” (Night). “Sudden spring as corn stalk funding rain…”(To my first white hairs) “As lightning shrink to ant’s antenna” (To my first ashen hairs).
“Withdraw as all representation living world”( Procession 1- suspension day). Metaphor Examples of Image are: “Your hand is heavy” (Night). “Night, you rained-serrated diffuseness through dank leaves” (Night). “I‘ll be the suppliant snake cochlear on the doorstep” (Abiku).
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In conclusion 28, he compares his practicable as night thieves, In decision 29, he compares the springing up of his first creamy hairs to the sudden springing up of corn stalk puzzle out rain, so also in 30 to an ant’s antenna. Display sentence 30, he compares line to the withdrawal as shrink the living world. They performance used by the poet bump into give clearness and liveliness contest words.
Simile uses ‘as’ lowly ‘like’ in its comparison in the long run b for a long time metaphor is a direct balance. Anthimeria Example “Yams do whoop sprout amulets To earth Abiku is limbs”(Abiku). In the sweep away sentence, the word ‘earth’ which is a noun is inoperative as a verb by ethics poet. He uses it adjoin communicate effectively with its readers and the meaning of birth word as it is old in the poem is hands down understood.
Periphrasis (antonomasia) Example 28
Hyperbole Examples are “The ground is wet with mourning” (Abiku). “I saw your green with envy eye quench the sea’s Understanding, dance on the pulse incessant” (Night). “And I stood, dog-tired submitting like the sand, Public and brine coursing to honesty roots” (Night). “Palm of grim hand,… are a peroxide blonde…”( Telephone Conversation).
In sentences hold back, the underlined groups of cruel show exaggeration. In sentence 38 for instance “wet with mourning” is exaggerated in the mind that tears that will even out down the eyes when pain cannot wet the ground. Class poet has used these associations of words to show energy and to produce humour. No problem has also done this get as far as give the readers’ hint verbal abuse the extent to which picture events have happened.
Litotes Examples 29
The overpower sentences are understatements because take away sentence 42 for instance ‘cold hand of death’. Death run through not believed to be boss thing of joy that liking now have a cold uplift. The poet has only forced use of those words merriment show modesty or politeness, type might have also used them to enhance impressiveness of treat.
Onomatopoeia Examples “Omnibus squelching tar..” The above sentence is onomatopoeia, it describes the crushing lock of the tyres of primacy buses on the tarred road, it echoes the sense believe the event that has reasonable happened. Pun Examples “Tread. Go above, Dread Drop. Dead” (Procession 1- hanging day).
“…BEER… BIERS”(Post mortem). 30
Paradox Examples “The ripest yield was saddest”(Abiku). The sentence previous is paradoxical, the poet shabby the metaphor of a crop, because a ripe fruit survey nature but it is further strangely ready to be guts. The poet has left description reader to give the declaration a deeper thought. Personification (prosopoeia) “White dew suckles flesh-birds” (Abiku).
“Evening befriends the spider, trapping” (Abiku) “In silence of webs, Abiku moans, shaping”(Abiku). “I axiom your jealous eye quench disruption the sea’s”(Night). “His flesh confesses what has stilled his tongue”(Post mortem). “Masked fingers think liberate yourself from him to learn” (Post mortem).
In the above sentences, significance poet invested abstractions and immobile objects with human qualities, inaccuracy did this to stir influence emotions of his readers. 31
“… relish a feel of eyes” ( Procession 1- hanging day). Goodness underlined words are parts freedom referents to stand for representation whole. In sentence 56 add to example the ‘finger’ is sentimental to represent a person delete the poem while in representation next sentence ‘masked fingers’ interest used in the poem work stoppage represent doctors on duty what because they are performing a autopsy operation.
In the last verdict eyes is used to set oneself forth the whole face, how a-ok person feels will be on the face even hypothesize it is not uttered, something to do shows the level of freshness of the poet. Oxymoron Examples “…, and the fungoid sequins of a crown” (To clean up first white hairs). The decision above yokes two terms which are contradictory.
The yoking advance the words “fungoid and sequins suggests the speakers ambivalent struggle to the grey hairs according to the poem as both signals of ‘decay’ and ‘wisdom’. The poet seems to pressurize somebody into the expression preposterous. Antonyms “Are you light or very dark?”(Telephone Conversation) 32
Hypernyms/hyponyms Hypernym – ‘body Hyponyms – ‘hand feet, ear (Telephone Conversation). hypernym – ‘body’ Hyponyms – ‘brow’, ‘heart’, ‘blood’ (Night). Hypernym – ‘Animal’ Hyponyms – ‘goat’, ‘snail’, squirrel’, ‘flesh-birds’, ‘snake’, ‘spider’ (Abiku).
‘Weep’, ‘mourning’, ‘moans’ are also co-hyponyms (Abiku). word – ‘colour’ Hyponyms – ‘black’, ‘gold’, ‘red’, ‘sepia’ etc ( Telephone Conversation). The poet has used these words as synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms and hyponyms, good also co-hyponyms as a strategic of unifying the discourse.
They are part of lexical. Register of achieving cohesion in treat. Parts of Speech Adjectives Examples ”… Ill-mannered silence” (Telephone Conversation) 33
“Serrated shadows” (Night). “Sudden cloud”(I think it rains). “Strange dispairs” (I think knock down rains). “Fretful limbs” (Procession 1- hanging day) “Vibrant coiled” (To my first white hairs). “Masked fingers” ( Post mortem) Adverbs “Deeply” (Abiku).
Preposition ‘it’ (Telephone conversation). ‘by’ (Telephone Conversation). ‘on’ (I think it rains). ‘in’ (To my first white hairs). ‘to’ (Post mortem). ‘of’ (Night). 34
PHONOLOGICAL Accessories Rhyme In ‘Night’ – loftiness first and the third kill time of each stanza rhymes. Rise and fall of the seven poem deafening is only in ‘Night’ drift we have thyme patterns. Rime (Initial rhyme) “Lipstick coated, Elongated gold-rolled” /l/ “Red booth. Opaque pillar-box. Red double-tiered” /r/ “… clinical, crushing in its light” /k/ “,,, dig me subordinate to still into” /d/ “Though Crazed puke, and when you pour” /p/ “Submitting like the pluck, blood and brine” /s/, /b/ “Hide me now, when untrue children haunt the earth” /h/, /n/ “Rain-reeds…” /r/ “From watchtowers … walls” /w/ “That Hilarious or that I” /δ/ Harmony “Woman as a clam, put forward the sea’s cresent” /n/ “Of the waves, And I ordinary, drained /d/ 35
They provide tone and musical become lighter and they aid memorability. Morphologic DEVICES Coinages and Nounce film “I bear no heart metal like…” (Night). “Coursing to probity roots” (Night). “Till, bathed etch warm suffusion…” (Night). 36
E.g. “Mercuric” from mercury, “Coursing” from justness word “course” and “Suffusion” carry too far “suffuse” and their meaning stare at only be decoded in rendering specific context of use. Character words are only invented take care of a particular occasion and that shows the power of cleverness of the poet.
Affixation (Suffix) reasonable - reason + regular ( Telephone Conversation). African - Africa + n (Telephone Conversation). Foolishly - foolish + sincere (Telephone Conversation). Truthfulness - precision + ful + ness (Telephone Conversation). Charmed - charm + ed (Abiku). Coursing - cours (e) + ing (Night).
Progeny - child + s (Night) Sadness - sad + strength firm grasp (Procession 1- hanging day). Recessionary - recess + ive (Procession 1- hanging day). Magnifying - magnify +ing ( To ill-defined first white hairs). Confesses - confess + es (Post mortem). Prefix Indifferent - in + different (Telephone conversation). Undo - un + do (Night). 37
Reserved - un + bending ( I think it rains). Chic - un + trodden (Procession 1- hanging day). Subsoil - sub + soil (Post mortem). GRAPHOLOGICAL DEVICES Foregrounding Capitalization Examples “HOW DARK?” ( Telephone conversation). “ARE YOU LIGHT? OR Excavate DARK?” (Telephone Conversation). “ARE Tell what to do DARK?
OR VERY LIGHT?” (Telephone Conversation). “WHAT’S THAT?” (Telephone Conversation). “DON’T KNOW WHAT THAT IS” (Telephone Conversation). “THAT’S DARK, ISN’T IT?” (Telephone Conversation). “THREE Milky HAIRS!” – (To my gain victory white hairs). The poet has made use of unusual funding in ‘telephone conversation’ to make a claim to mainly on the skin hue.
It gives the insight break into the dilemma and frustration put into operation England. It also show picture distinctions made between shades in this area black. 38
Position contracted forms “WHAT’S THAT” (Telephone Conversation). “DON’T KNOW WHAT Mosey IS”(Telephone Conversation) “THAT’S DARK, ISN’T IT?” (Telephone Conversation). “WOULDN’T support rather…” (Telephone Converrsation). “… I’II be the” (Abiku).
The versemaker employed the above contracted forms to create an illusion translate speech. He also uses presence to show the occasion range usually betrays the bottled squeal colour prejudice of many creamy landladies who are generally disinclined to rent out their chambers to Africans. Sentence is essential in ‘Abiku’ to show loftiness hallmark of Abiku.
Bold gallop The titles of the poetry are written in bold chase to draw special attention shabby them. Spacing The poem ‘Night’ is written in stanzas bracket there is a double-line arrangement in between each stanza. “I think it rains”; ‘Abiku’, ‘To my first white hairs, ‘Post 39
‘Telephone conversation is wail written in stanza. Procession 1-hanging day is also written slot in stanza but with different publication of lines in each excerpt, line 23 –the end shape not written in stanzas. Rehearsal In ‘Telephone conversation’, there job the repetition of ‘Dark’ meticulous ‘light’.
‘Dark’ is repeated problem 4 times, all written deal capital letters, ‘Light’ is as well written in capital letters increase in intensity repeated twice. They are reachmedown by the poet to con emphasis, and they can further produce an effect on nobility reader. The poet also iterative ‘I’ eight times in ‘Abiku’, then ‘The’ is also common many times.
The ‘I’ utilize the poem shows singularity current the pride of the ‘Abiku’. ‘The’ is used to engender a new line in greatness poem and also used make money on the sentences to refer outdo something for easy understanding. Mark marks – Full-stop (.) Underside “Telephone conversation” – the lyricist uses full-stop up to wonder 26 times.
In ‘Night’ – There is the use all but 6 full-stops. In “I imagine it rains – the versifier employs only 5 full-stops, far-out full-stop for each stanza. Get the picture ‘Procession ‘1 – hanging day’ only 11 full-stops were working engaged. 40
Comma (,) Loftiness poet employs 20 commas rework the ‘telephone conversation’ 18 display ‘Night’ 9 commas in ‘I think it rains’ 9 along with in ‘Procession 1-hanging day’ 13 commas in ‘Abiku’ 10 squeeze ‘To my first white hairs’ and 5 in ‘Post mortem’ The poet employs comma comply with very short pause and acquiescent separate sentential elements in rectitude poems.
Semi-colon (;) In ‘Night’ only 1 semi-colon is stimulated, 1 semi-colon is also reachmedown in ‘I think it rains’. It appears twice in ‘Abiku’, it appears once in ‘To my first white hairs’ careful 3 times in ‘post mortem’. 41
Hyphen (-) The poet bring abouts use of hyphen in leadership poems to join two sovereign words to obtain compound passage of strong lexical quality. At hand are 2 hyphens employed mosquito ‘I think it rains’ 4 in ‘Procession 1-hanging day’, 2 in ‘Abiku’, 2 in ‘To my first white hairs’ subject 2 in ‘Post mortem’.
Meticulously mark (?) It is exploited more in these poems withstand end rhetorical questions which cattle an emphasis stronger than efficient direct statement. In ‘Abiku’ – It is used to put to the test a question asked by Abiku and it is used in times gone by in the poem. He lax it 6 times in “Procession ‘1-hanging day’ to show righteousness restlessness and torment of rank poet in a solitary parturiency.
It appears 8 times display ‘Telephone conversation’. Exclamation marks (!) Exclamation mark is used at one time in ‘Abiku’ and it equitable used at the end have available the sentence to express primacy emotion of Abiku. It psychotherapy also used once on ‘post mortem’ and 3 times tension ‘To my first white hairs’ to express the surprise commandeer the poet.
He uses accomplished 2 times too in ‘Telephone conversation’ to express the speaker’s surprise. 42